'Computationalism' is a relatively vague term used to describe attempts to apply Turing's model of computation to phenomena outside its original purview: in modelling the human mind, in physics, mathematics, etc. Early versions of computationalism faced strong objections from many (and varied) quarters, from philosophers to practitioners of the aforementioned disciplines. Here we will not address the fundamental question of whether computational models are appropriate for describing some or all of the wide range of processes that they have been applied (...) to, but will focus instead on whether `renovated' versions of the \textit{new computationalism} shed any new light on or resolve previous tensions between proponents and skeptics. We find this, however, not to be the case, because the 'new computationalism' falls short by using limited versions of "traditional computation", or proposing computational models that easily fall within the scope of Turing's original model, or else proffering versions of hypercomputation with its many pitfalls. (shrink)

The purpose of this paper is to present a formalization of the language, semantics and axiomatization of justification logic in Coq. We present proofs in a natural deduction style derived from the axiomatic approach of justification logic. Additionally, we present possible world semantics in Coq based on Fitting models to formalize the semantic satisfaction of formulas. As an important result, with this implementation, it is possible to give a proof of soundness for $\mathsf{L}\mathsf{P}$ with respect to Fitting models.

Abductive problems and their solutions are presented by means of justification logic. We introduce additional meta-constructions in order to generate and compare different solutions to the same abductive problem. Our approach has three advantages: (i) it makes structurally explicit the solution to an abductive problem (as it has a syntactic nature); (ii) it gives a precise meaning to the notion of evidence; (iii) it provides clear definitions and procedures for the comparison of solutions that can be adapted to different needs.

The aim of this paper is to address the question: Can an artificial neural network (ANN) model be used as a possible characterization of the power of the human mind? We will discuss what might be the relationship between such a model and its natural counterpart. A possible characterization of the different power capabilities of the mind is suggested in terms of the information contained (in its computational complexity) or achievable by it. Such characterization takes advantage of recent results based (...) on natural neural networks (NNN) and the computational power of arbitrary artificial neural networks (ANN). The possible acceptance of neural networks as the model of the human mind's operation makes the aforementioned quite relevant. (shrink)

Accounting for the epistemic contribution of deduction has been a pervasive problem for logicians interested in deduction, such as, among others, Jakko Hintikka. The problem arises because the conclusion validly deduced from a set of premises is said to be “contained” in that set; because of this containment relation, the conclusion would be known from the moment the premises are known. Assuming this, it is problematic to explain how we can gain knowledge by deducing a logical consequence implied by a (...) set of known premises. To address this problem, we offer an alternative account of the epistemic contribution of deduction as the process required to deduce a conclusion or a theorem, understanding such a process not only in terms of the number of steps in the derivation but also, more importantly, in terms of the reason for or justification for every step. That is, we do not know a proposition unless we have a justification or proof of that proposition. With this goal in mind, we develop a justification logic system which exhibits the epistemic contribution of a deductive derivation as the resulting justified formula. (shrink)

La crisis sanitaria del SARS2-COVID ha traído a nuestra atención el conflicto permanente entre lo público y lo privado; entre los métodos de gestión abordados desde la perspectiva tecnológica sin concesiones a los derechos y libertades fundamentales, y las posiciones éticas que aún pretenden sostener su validez. Desde la aplicación de la tecnología en las mayores barbaries conocidas por la Humanidad hasta el día de hoy, el ser humano se debate entre mayor seguridad o más libertad. El problema es que (...) el individuo, o las organizaciones y empresas que crea, han visto incrementada su capacidad de obrar gracias a la tecnología informática, y esta nueva situación ha dado lugar a la ruptura del pacto social originado por la Revolución Francesa, donde el monopolio del poder se atribuía al Estado a cambio de que éste se sometiera a la voluntad del pueblo expresada por medio de la ley. Hoy día, el individuo se ha vuelto más poderoso y el Estado se resiste a perder su papel. Entre esos dos polos navega la vida de miles de millones de personas, cuyas vidas se han vuelto transparentes a los ojos vigilantes de los Estados y de las grandes corporaciones empresariales. (shrink)

Reseña del libro "Ética cosmopolita: Una apuesta por la cordura en tiempos de pandemia". En el presente libro, Adela Cortina, en contexto de pandemia, nos entrega posibles soluciones para las crisis vividas en diferentes ámbitos durante la pandemia. Hoy, en un mundo "postpandemia" ¿Mejoramos en algo? ¿Qué nos queda por mejorar? El libro de Adela, nos puede guiar para responder estas preguntas.

This article discusses some of the claims of the earlier and later versions of the Contemporary Theory of Metaphor (CTM) and addresses some of the criticism that has been leveled against it. It is argued that much of this criticism arises from common misconceptions as to the real claims made by the theory. However, CTM is still in need of further exploration and empirical support. In this connection, we identify some areas where research is still needed and supply our own (...) developments. We argue for a more complex classification of metaphor types, which takes into account various complementary taxonomic perspectives, including the nature of source and target and the genericity and complexity of the metaphoric operation. We also explore metaphor in relation to cognitive prominence and conceptual interaction issues. Finally, we deal with the problem of constraints on metaphor and make a proposal for three complementary kinds of constraint. (shrink)

Alison L. Spedding es la antropóloga y novelista que fue arrestada en marzo de 1998 por las autoridades bolivianas bajo el cargo de tráfico de drogas, que ella niega fuertemente. Al momento de ser impreso este número, se había eliminado el cargo de tráfico por falta de evidencia, pero se estaba ..

Resumen Vivimos en un mundo cada vez más polarizado entre ricos y pobres. Entre un pequeño grupo de personas que concentra y controla la riqueza mundial, y la gran mayoría de la población que no cuenta con las condiciones indispensables para poder vivir. Por otra parte, la globalización económica promueve un modelo de humanidad basado en el consumismo. El ser humano ha identificado la búsqueda de la felicidad con el comprar y adquirir los nuevos modelos que la publicidad impone. Nos (...) estamos acabando al planeta -incluyendo a la humanidad- y las consecuencias son evidentes: calentamiento global, contaminación, extinción de especies, violencia, migración, etc. Por otra parte, la acumulación de recursos en manos de unos cuantos es algo que también destruye a los ricos, los deshumaniza. Consideramos por tanto que si bien la pobreza, como carencia de lo indispensable para poder vivir dignamente, es un problema que debemos solucionar; por otra parte, hay otro tipo de “pobreza” entendida como virtud, que nos ayuda a vivir más plenamente, y es aquella que nos proporciona libertad para centrarnos en lo esencial: la familia, la humanidad, el mundo y Dios. El objetivo del presente trabajo es pasar de la pobreza como problema a la pobreza como virtud.We live in a world where the gap between the rich and the poor is increasing. In a world where a small group of people concentrates and controls the wealth, and the rest of the population is lacking the indispensable conditions for living. On another hand, economic globalization promotes a model of humanity based on consumerism. Human beings have related search of happiness with acquiring commodities and models imposed by advertising. We are destroying the planet -including humanity- and the consequences are evident: global warming, pollution, endangered species, violence, migration, etc. In addition, accumulating resources is dehumanizing and destroying the wealthy societies. We consider, that poverty understood as lacking financial resources is a problem that needs a resolution; but also, poverty, understood as virtue, help us to live fully and provides freedom, so we can focus on the essentials: family, humanity, the world and God. The objective of this work is to pass from poverty as a problem, to poverty as a virtue. (shrink)

The economic reactivation of Cartagena harbour from sixteenth century constitutes an importatn gap in the spanish historiography. This development, motivated mainly because of the repulse of its comercial function, it will be a good phocus of atraction for the foreigner merchant, which, in a narrow relation with the mercantile autochtonous bourgeoise, will dominate the hasrbour activity, comercial and finance of the city, forming a powerfull urban oligarchy.

En años recientes la educación universitaria se ha transformado rápidamente, el desempeño de los estudiantes, los avances tecnológicos y la pandemia, han generado nuevos retos. El aprendizaje adaptativo es una alternativa que se puede implementar para identificar las fortalezas y debilidades académicas y junto con las Tecnologías de la Información aplicadas a la educación es posible mejorar el rendimiento académico de los estudiantes convirtiéndolos en protagonistas de su aprendizaje.El objetivo del presente trabajo es diseñar un modelo de componentes de aprendizaje (...) adaptativo para facilitar el desarrollo de habilidades en el área de metodología de la programación. (shrink)

El propósito de Levinas coincide con el intento moderno de recuperación de la verdad y del sentido aunque en una dirección y contenidos distintos. Si en Hegel la Aufhebung tendía a la Totalidad y lo Mismo , para Husserl será esencial la apertura de Mundo que tiene lugar ya en la experiencia de conciencia del ego trascendental, mientras que Heidegger, por su parte, primará la pregunta por el Ser. El intento de Levinas, en cambio, no será recomponer la relación entre (...) el yo, por un lado, y el mundo, lo absoluto, las cosas o el ser, por el otro, sino la recuperación de la relación entre yo-y-otro. No es un simple cambio en la dirección o en el contenido del sentido de la reflexión filosófica, sino un intento serio de encontrar una nueva significación, «otra manera que ser» que no termine siendo otro proyecto más de integración y síntesis. Lo que propone Levinas es una auténtica salida para la que traza el itinerario que va del ser al otro, recurriendo sencillamente a la experiencia que cotidianamente se nos impone a cada uno de nosotros con un peso incontestable, a saber: la presencia de las diferencias, de lo asimétrico, en definitiva, la manifestación del otro en tanto que otro. Es esta experiencia heterónoma ordinaria, esta vivencia diaria de la alteridad como dato primordial del fenómeno de la intersubjetividad el ámbito que ha intentado explorar nuestro autor. ¿Acaso es esta responsabilidad así sentida conjugable con una experiencia filosófica universal? ¿La responsabilidad puede llevarse hasta el límite de la substitución por el otro, hasta la de-posición del Yo sin identidad? ¿Qué tipo de relación puede darse con algo absolutamente asimétrico, exterior, previo e irreductible? ¿De dónde viene esa asignación apremiante de responsabilidad que llega hasta arrojarme en la obsesión y el asedio? ¿Cómo puede ser éticamente plausible un mandato tan traumatizante y violento que termina por convertir al sujeto en rehén, sustituido ya por los otros? ¿Es posible conciliar la libertad y la autónoma decisión del sujeto con una consideración de la subjetividad como «heme aquí», absoluta pasividad expuesta a los otros y vulnerabilidad de una piel que se ofrece al ultraje y la herida?. En definitiva: ¿es la subjetividad algo de lo que partimos o a lo que llegamos? (shrink)

We consider a class of games, which we call “groups’ games”, in which players are partitioned into classes within which players may be considered indistinguishable. We compute explicit formulas for some of the principal values restricted to these games. This is particularly useful for dealing with games with a large number of players where the usual formulas would be impractical to compute. We give several examples that illustrate how this idea may be applied to concrete situations.

In Mexico, there is little research on the study of self-injury and even less on possible explanatory models. With this in mind, this study aimed to determine the relationship between self-injury and depression, emotional dysregulation, and coping styles, to generate an explanatory model of the problem. The study was carried out using a quantitative, cross-sectional, explanatory scope, design and a sample of 5835 adolescents enrolled in 62 public high schools in the state of Sonora. Logistic regressions were performed for data (...) analysis, and as a result it was found that, for students with severe self-injury, the model explains 61 % of the variance in the data and correctly classifies 84.1 % of the participants; whereas, in mild self-injury, the model explains 72 % of the variance in the data and correctly classifies 88.2 % of the students. Likewise, the depression dimensions showed the highest explanatory level and positive correlations with emotional dysregulation and avoidance coping style, as well as negative correlations with approach coping style. At the end, the importance of the independent variables for future research is discussed, as well as anomalous results and other data of interest. (shrink)

Este trabajo tiene como principal objetivo el de lograr una comprensión de la filosofía en cuanto fundamento insoslayable para la teología. Sostiene, en pri-mer lugar, la necesidad de desarro-llar una teología más autocosciente en el sentido racional del σὺν λόγω, es decir, desde el programa ple-namente actual de la fides quarens intellectum. Defiende, en segundo lugar, que la filosofía solo puede entenderse partiendo de la pre-tensión que la ha animado desde el comienzo de su andadura: la bús-queda de la verdad (...) de las cosas. Y para este fin ten-drá necesariamente que dotarse de densidad metafísica suficiente y apostar por las tesis de un sano realismo cognoscitivo. Este estudio concluye con una reflexión, en ter-cer lugar, sobre el uso teológico de la filosofía. La tesis que se defiende es que sin el fundamento filosófico, la fe y la teología pierden lo más nuclear de su misión, la posibili-dad misma de presentarse todavía con algún rastro de significatividad para el hombre de hoy. (shrink)

The aim of this study was to explore the role of voices as cues to adults of children’s needs for potential caregiving during early childhood. To this purpose, 74 college students listened to pairs of 5-year-old versus 10-year-old children verbalizing neutral-content sentences and indicated which voice was better associated with each of 14 traits, potentially meaningful in interactions between young children and adults. Results indicated that children with immature voices were perceived more positively and as being more helpless than children (...) with mature voices. Children’s voices, regardless of the content of speech, seem to be a powerful source of information about children’s need for caregiving for parents and others during the first six years of life. (shrink)

Background: The prevalence of anxiety and depression in young students is associated with biosocial factors and scholastic stress. However, few studies have evaluated emotional-affective symptoms that are related to the immune system and antioxidant parameters in young individuals without diagnoses of affective disorders.Aim: This study aims to assess the relationship between emotional-affective symptoms and glutathione concentrations and CD4 and CD8 lymphocyte counts in college students.Methods: College students completed standardized psychometric instruments, including the Perceived Stress Scale, Hamilton Anxiety Scale, Beck Depression (...) Inventory, Familiar Social and Friends Support Scale, and Rosenberg Scale. Blood samples were biochemically analyzed. Analyses of variance were conducted between four groups according to symptom severity.Results: A considerable prevalence of stress, anxiety, and depression symptoms was observed and negatively correlated with self-esteem and socio-familiar support. Perceived stress was sexually dimorphic. Although biochemical parameters were within reference ranges, glutathione, CD4, and CD8 tended to be lower in participants with anxiety and depression symptoms, which may be of predictive value.Conclusion: The relationship between antioxidant/immune parameters and socio-affective scores is latent in undiagnosed college students who might develop affective disorders. The findings suggest that during the initial development of affective disorders, stress management strategies should be implemented to help college students cope with the academic load and monitor negative changes in their physiological state. (shrink)

Este trabajo presenta seis ponencias en torno a los problemas que atraviesan distintos sectores de la población en situación de vulnerabilidad social en el goce de sus derechos humanos en el contexto de la pandemia global de COVID-19. Las exposiciones reflexionan sobre los prejuicios y vulnerabilidades que atraviesan las personas adultas mayores; las violencias de género en contextos de aislamiento; las personas en contextos de movilidad excluidas de las medidas de protección; el tratamiento y priorización de las personas con discapacidad (...) en los centros de derivación de COVID-19; la protección de las garantías penales en la administración de justicia durante los juicios de lesa humanidad llevados en forma remota; y el avance de las causas por crímenes de lesa humanidad durante la pandemia. (shrink)

Lower extremity non-contact soft tissue injuries are prevalent in elite futsal. The purpose of this study was to develop robust screening models based on pre-season measures obtained from questionnaires and field-based tests to prospectively predict LE-ST injuries after having applied a range of supervised Machine Learning techniques. One hundred and thirty-nine elite futsal players underwent a pre-season screening evaluation that included individual characteristics; measures related to sleep quality, athlete burnout, psychological characteristics related to sport performance and self-reported perception of chronic (...) ankle instability. A number of neuromuscular performance measures obtained through three field-based tests [isometric hip strength, dynamic postural control and lower extremity joints range of motion ] were also recorded. Injury incidence was monitored over one competitive season. There were 25 LE-ST injuries. Only those groups of measures from two of the field-based tests, as independent data sets, were able to build robust models [area under the receiver operating characteristic curve score ≥0.7] to identify elite futsal players at risk of sustaining a LE-ST injury. Unlike the measures obtained from the five questionnaires selected, the neuromuscular performance measures did build robust prediction models. The inclusion in the same data set of the measures recorded from all the questionnaires and field-based tests did not result in models with significantly higher performance scores. The model generated by the UnderBagging technique with a cost-sensitive SMO as the base classifier and using only four ROM measures reported the best prediction performance scores. The models developed might help coaches, physical trainers and medical practitioners in the decision-making process for injury prevention in futsal. (shrink)

La conversión pastoral es un tema reciente en la teología pastoral, principalmente gracias a la aportación del Papa Francisco en la Evangelii Gaudium. Este artículo explora en primer lugar la relación entre la conversión pastoral y la teología pastoral –particularmente en cuatro teó- logos españoles– y explica cómo cada modelo evangelizador definido por la teología es una propuesta de conversión pastoral. Al mismo tiempo, tomando prestadas algunas categorías de la filosofía de la complejidad, define la conversión pastoral como un (...) proceso complejo cuya clave está en la circularidad entre modelo evangelizador y modelo pastoral y explica las relaciones existentes entre los distintos aspectos de la conversión pastoral desde esta circularidad. (shrink)